Kidney stones are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys. They can vary in size and may remain in the kidney or travel through the urinary tract. While small stones may pass on their own without causing symptoms, larger stones can cause pain, block urine flow, or lead to other complications if left untreated.

What Are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones develop when certain substances—such as calcium, oxalate or uric acid—build up in the urine and form crystals. Over time, these crystals can grow into stones. These formations may remain in the kidney or move into the ureter (the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder), where they can block urine flow and cause discomfort or infection.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones

The symptoms of kidney stones can vary depending on the size and location of the stone. Common signs may include:

• Sudden, intense pain in the back, side or lower abdomen.
• Pain that may spread to the groin.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Blood in the urine (which may appear pink, red or brown).
• Frequent or urgent need to urinate.
• Burning sensation while urinating.
• Difficulty passing urine or passing only small amounts.

Pain may come and go as the stone moves through the urinary tract. Some people may not have symptoms if the stone is small and does not cause a blockage.

Causes of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones form when there is an imbalance in the substances that make up urine. Several factors can contribute to stone formation, including:

• Low urine volume or dehydration.
• High levels of calcium, oxalate or uric acid in the urine.
• Certain dietary choices (e.g., excessive sodium or animal protein).
• Changes in urine pH (acidity or alkalinity).
• Underlying medical conditions affecting the kidneys or urinary system.

Risk Factors for Kidney Stones

Certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing kidney stones, such as:

• A personal or family history of kidney stones.
• Inadequate fluid intake.
• Diets high in salt, sugar or protein.
• Digestive conditions or surgeries that affect absorption.
• Certain medications or supplements.
• Obesity or other metabolic conditions.

Understanding your personal risk factors can help guide prevention strategies and support long-term urinary health.

Diagnosis of Kidney Stones

To diagnose kidney stones, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and perform a physical exam. Diagnostic tests may include:

• Urinalysis - Checks for blood, crystals or signs of infection.
• Imaging Tests - An ultrasound or CT scan can locate and measure stones.
• Blood Tests - Assess kidney function and look for signs of imbalances.
• Stone Analysis - If a passed stone is collected, this test can determine its composition.

These evaluations help identify the cause and guide the most appropriate treatment approach.

Treatment for Kidney Stones

Treatment depends on the size, type and location of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Options may include:

• Increased fluid intake to help flush out small stones.
• Pain management using medications.
• Medications that help relax the urinary tract or prevent new stones.
• Non-invasive procedures, such as shock wave therapy (lithotripsy), to break up larger stones.
• Minimally invasive surgery, such as ureteroscopy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, for stones that can’t pass on their own or cause complications.

Your doctor will discuss the best treatment plan based on your individual condition.

Prevention of Kidney Stones

While not all kidney stones can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

• Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day.
• Limit sodium, animal proteins and high-oxalate foods (e.g., spinach, nuts, chocolate).
• Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
• Work with your doctor to manage medical conditions or medications that may contribute to stone formation.

If you’ve had kidney stones in the past, your provider may recommend ongoing monitoring or dietary adjustments to help prevent recurrence.

Prognosis with Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are not life threatening, but extreme pain is attributed with kidney stones in most people. Once a patient has passed a stone, it is very likely another stone will be passed later in life. If stones are recurring over and over, patients may be given medication in case symptoms occur.

Learn More About Baptist Health

If you are experiencing symptoms of a kidney stone or have concerns about your urinary health, Baptist Health is here to help. Our providers can evaluate your symptoms, guide treatment and support your ongoing care. Use our provider directory to connect with a Baptist Health urologist near you.