What Is Depression?

Note: If you are in danger of hurting yourself, call or text 988. This is the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, and it is available 24 hours a day. You can also call 911 for immediate help during an emergency. Depression is a common yet serious mental health condition that profoundly impacts how a person feels, thinks and handles daily activities. Recognizing the distinct types and symptoms of this condition is the essential first step toward finding effective treatment and restoring quality of life.

Is Depression a Mood Disorder?

A person who is always or often sad and has little interest in relationships, hobbies and other things they once enjoyed is frequently described as being depressed or having depression. However, there are different forms of depression, including major depressive disorder, situational depressive disorder, postpartum depression and others.

What Are the Different Types of Depression?

Multiple conditions fall under the umbrella term “depression.” Some of the most common types of depression are described below.

Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (also known as clinical depression) causes a depressed mood and loss of interest in or pleasure from almost all activities. These feelings persist for at least two weeks and are a change from previous functioning. The condition may be diagnosed as mild, moderate or severe and has a negative impact on the person’s life at home and school or work, making it difficult for them to maintain their daily routine. In some cases, psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions may be present.

Situational Depressive Disorder

Situational depressive disorder (also called reactive depression) is a temporary, stress-related form of depression. It tends to develop after a person has experienced a traumatic event or series of events. Common triggers include relationship issues, death of a loved one, relocating and problems at work or school.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Persistent depressive disorder (also known as dysthymia) is an ongoing, chronic form of depression. Similar to other types of depression, this condition causes people to feel sadness and lack of interest in pleasurable activities. These feelings go on for years and can cause problems in relationships and in managing daily activities.

Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression is a complex condition that affects individuals following childbirth. It goes beyond the typically mild, short-term mood swings commonly called the baby blues. Influenced by dramatic hormonal shifts after delivery along with sleep deprivation and physical recovery stress, it causes severe anxiety, persistent sadness, extreme fatigue and feelings of detachment. Some people experience feelings of guilt or difficulty bonding with their newborn, making daily caregiving very challenging.

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that tends to occur during late fall and winter when daylight hours decrease. Reduced exposure to sunlight can disrupt circadian rhythms and lower serotonin levels in the brain, leading to symptoms like persistent low energy, oversleeping, carbohydrate cravings and social withdrawal. SAD can occur at other times of year but is most common in fall and winter.

Bipolar Disorder

Although it is not technically a form of depression, bipolar disorder does involve depressive episodes that alternate with the person’s manic or high-energy phases. This can cause a person to believe they have depression and make diagnosis of bipolar disorder more difficult.

What Are the Symptoms of Depression?

While there are notable differences among the types of depression, there are many symptoms they have in common, including: Persistent sadness Low energy Hopelessness Irritability Difficulty concentrating Low self-esteem Sleep problems Decreased activity Appetite changes People affected by depression also frequently experience feelings of guilt, loss of interest in daily activities and continual worries about past events. They also tend to decrease or avoid social interactions.

How Is Depression Treated?

The good news is that depressive disorders can be treated. The sooner the treatment begins, the more effective it tends to be. A combination of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (also called psychotherapy or talk therapy) and medication, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), is the most common treatment approach. In cases where a person doesn’t respond to other modalities, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used. This technique involves directing electrical currents through the brain to improve the function and effects of neurotransmitters. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is another advanced, noninvasive option for people with treatment-resistant depression. It uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. In addition, new treatments like esketamine nasal spray are being used in combination with traditional therapies.

Can Depression Be Prevented?

While depression can’t always be prevented, adopting healthy coping mechanisms and lifestyle strategies can help lower your risk. Get help for other behavioral issues such as low self-esteem or pessimistic tendencies. Don’t abuse drugs or alcohol, as they can alter your mood and trigger depressive symptoms. Find ways to minimize your stress. Exercise regularly. Be aware of the potential for a new medication you are taking to cause depressive symptoms. Understanding what depression is and being willing to seek help are the keys to overcoming this painful mental illness.

Get Help With Depression From Baptist Health

If you experience symptoms of depression, talk with your primary care physician. If you do not have a primary care physician, you can find care near you using our provider directory.